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This paper introduces a new account of the emergence of sexual science in the late nineteenth century. We critique the widely held view that 'sexology' existed as a primarily medical field of knowledge and chart instead the rise of a cross-disciplinary 'sexual science' driven by dissatisfaction with exclusively medical approaches. From the 1890s, medical doctors in Britain and Germany argued that a properly scientific understanding of sexuality required input from additional areas of knowledge, such as anthropology, history and literature, and had to encompass the study of sexual variation across history and across cultures. Examining the resulting cross-disciplinary and global expansion of sexual science offers new opportunities to investigate the conceptual and cultural factors driving the evolution of scientific understandings of sexuality at the beginning of the twentieth century: an interest in historical and cultural variation; the wish to understand the diversity of sexual behaviors on a global scale, which brought imperially-shaped debates about race, the primitive, civilization and degeneration into the heart of sexual science; and a new focus on the 'normal' and 'healthy' alongside the 'pathological' and 'abnormal'.

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